final study guide

Ethicsc

Ethics: A conception of right and wrong conduct. It tells us whether our behavior is moral or immoral and deals with fundamental human relationships—how we think and behave toward others and how we want them to think and behave toward us.

Ethical Principles: Guides to moral behavior.

Ethical Relativism: Holds that ethical principles should be defined by various periods of time in history, a society’s traditions, the special circumstances of the moment, or personal opinion.

Laws: Society’s formal written rules about what constitutes right and wrong conduct in various spheres of life.

Business Ethics: The application of general ethical ideas to business behavior.

Why Should Business Be Ethical?

⦁ To Enhance Business Performance

⦁ To Comply with Legal Requirements

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⦁ To Meet Demands of Stakeholders

⦁ To Promote Personal Morality

Conflict of Interest: Occurs when an individual’s self-interest conflicts with acting in the best interest of another, when the individual has an obligation to do so.

Virtue Ethics: A theory of ethics that is based on values and personal character. it focuses on character traits that a good person should possess, theorizing that moral values will direct the person toward good behavior.

Utilitarian Reasoning / Utilitarianism / Cost-Benefit Analysis: An approach to ethical decision-making that weighs the costs and benefits of a decision, a policy, or an action. These costs and benefits can be economic (expressed in dollar amounts), social (the effect on society at large), or human (usually a psychological or an emotional impact). For a utilitarian, the alternative where the benefits most outweigh the costs is the ethically preferred action because it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people in society.

Consumerism

Consumerism: A movement to promote the rights and

powers of consumers in relation to sellers. Also, a powerful ideology in which the pursuit of

material goods beyond subsistence shapes social conduct

Materialism: An emphasis on material objects or money that displaces spiritual, aesthetic, or

philosophical values.

Conspicuous Consumption: The notion that consumers buy things not for their functional utility, but for status and show.

Government Regulation and the Role of Money in Politics

Public policy: A plan of action undertaken by government officials to achieve some broad purpose affecting a substantial segment of a nation’s citizens. Public policy sets the goals, plans, and actions that each national government follows in achieving its purposes.

Fiscal policy: Patterns of government collecting and spending funds to stimulate or support the economy.

Monetary policy: Policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nation’s currency.

Taxation policy: Raising or lowering taxes on business or individuals

Industrial policy: Directing economic resources toward the development of specific industries

Trade policy: Encouraging or discouraging trade with other countries

Regulation: Government activity that guides the behavior of citizens, groups, and corporations to reach economic or social goals.

Rule: A decree (Thou shalt, thou shalt not) issued by a regulatory body to implement a law passed by Congress. A regulation may consist of multiple rules.

Two circumstances justify regulation of the private sector:

⦁ Flaws in the Market: When market flaws appear in the market that lead to undesirable consequences

Natural monopoly

Destructive competitio

Externalities

Inadequate information

⦁ Social and Political Reasons for Regulation: When sufficient social or political reasons for regulation exist

Socially desirable goods and services

Socially desirable production methods

Resolution of national and global problems

Regulation to benefit special interests

Federal regulation originates in an act of Congress. When a bill is passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president its provisions become law. It is then the responsibility of the appropriate regulatory agency to create the specific regulations (rules) needed to implement the provisions of the bill – this process is referred to as rule-making.

Federal Register: A daily government publication containing proposed rules, final rules, notices of public meetings by regulatory agencies, and presidential executive orders

Code of Federal Regulations: A reference work that compiles regulations of all agencies in a series of volumes

Guidance: Information in nonbinding documents intended to clarify official regulations

Independent Regulatory Commission: A regulatory agency run by a small group of commissioners independent of political control

Executive Agency: A regulatory agency in the executive branch run by a single administrator

Deregulation: The removal or substantial reduction of the body of regulation covering an industry

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP): A response to the 2007-08 economic crisis, this was a program that gave federal regulators power to exchange funds for an ownership interest in banks and corporations

Chevron Doctrine: The general rule that federal courts should defer to agency rules that are based on reasonable interpretations of ambiguous statutes

152.

The federal system divides powers between a central (federal) government and subdivision (state) governments. It creates many points of access for business influence.

152. The supremacy clause in the Constitution allows federal law to preempt state law.

153.

154. The system of separation of powers divides powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government. This also creates multiple points of access for business lobbying.

155.

156. Judicial review is the power of judges to review actions of government officials and strike down laws that are unconstitutional. In the past, courts have blocked actions and invalidated laws opposed by business.

157.

158. The First Amendment Right of Free Speech protects the right of business to influence government. It gives business the right to lobby officials and to express ideas expansively.

159.

160. Peak Associations represent many companies in different industries. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is an example.

161.

162. Trade Associations represent companies grouped by industry. Large companies are often members of many trade associations.

163.

164. Lobbying is advocating a viewpoint to government. Lobbyists are little regulated because the First Amendment protects their activities.

165.

166. Grassroots Lobbying, Background Lobbying and Contact Lobbying definitions are found in the powerpoint.

167.

168. The Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 requires them to register and both the House and the Senate have adopted rules to prevent impropriety.

169.

170. Bribery Statutes make it illegal for lawmakers to exchange official acts for anything of value given with corrupt intent. Legal campaign contributions are not considered bribes.

171.

172. Lobbyists and lawmakers must also avoid the crime of illegal gratuity or the exchange of a gratuity for an official action in the past or future when that action might have been or might be taken even without the gift.

173.

174. Business also engages in Electoral Activity to get friendly politicians elected.

175.

176. The Tillman Act of 1907, prohibits corporate contributions to federal candidates. The law was quickly bypassed by, for instance, large individual contributions from business executives.

177.

178. The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), as amended in 1974, set up a regulatory framework intended to limit contributions and expenditures. It failed to limit campaign spending, mainly for the following reasons.

179.

180. Political action committees, or PACs, set up by companies and funded by employee contributions. PACs can legally give to federal candidates, whereas their sponsoring companies cannot.

181.

182. Soft money contributions unregulated under the FECA. Federal Election Commission rulings permitted corporations to give unlimited amounts of soft money to party committees. This money was then used to influence federal elections, primarily by funding issue ads that promoted federal candidates but avoided specific wording about election or defeat of those candidates.

183.

184. In 2010, in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court struck down a prior prohibition against corporate funding of issue ads and the Federal Election Campaign Act’s prohibition against corporations making independent expenditures for the election or defeat of candidates. It held that these prohibitions violated the First Amendment’s free speech protections.

185.

186. Super PACs, are technically known as Independent-Expenditure Only Committees. Super PACs:

⦁ may receive unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals,

⦁ may spend unlimited sums to independently advocate for or against political candidates,

⦁ may not give directly to candidate campaigns,

⦁ may not coordinate their activities with candidate campaign, and

⦁ must report their donors to the Federal Election Commission on a monthly or quarterly basis as a traditional PAC would.

152.

Dark Money – non-disclosed political contributions given by Political Nonprofits (usually 501(c)(4)s and 501(c)(6)s). Dark Money groups:

⦁ may receive unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals,

⦁ may spend unlimited sums to independently advocate for or against political candidates,

⦁ may not give directly to candidate campaigns,

⦁ may not coordinate their activities with candidate campaign, and

⦁ do not have to disclose donors, expenditures are reported to IRS after election period,

⦁ no more than 50% of their spending can be on political activity, and

⦁ though their political activity is supposed to be limited, the IRS has done little to enforce those limits.

Globalization

Globalization: Defined as the spread of economic, political, cultural, military, scientific, or environmental interdependence across political and geographic (nation-states) boundaries. We say that “the mainspring of globalization is trade.”

Multinational corporation: An entity headquartered in one country that does business in one or more foreign countries.o

Foreign direct investment: Funds invested by a parent MNC for starting, acquiring, or expanding an affiliate in a foreign nation

Portfolio investment: The limited, speculative purchase of stocks and bonds in a foreign company by individuals or equity funds

Free trade: The flow of goods and services across borders unhindered by government imposed restrictions such as taxes, tariffs, quotas, and rules. An economic philosophy based on the Law of Comparative Advantage. It is argued that free trade will stimulate competition, reward individual initiative, increase productivity, and improve national well-being. It is often equated with Neoliberal Economics (Milton Friedman)

Liberalization: The economic policy of lowering tariffs and other barriers to encourage trade and investment

Protectionism: The use of trade barriers to shield domestic industries from foreign competitors

Mercantilism: A policy of increasing national power by managing the economy to create a trade surplus.

Tariff: A tax or duty charged by a government on goods moved across a border.

Autarky: A policy of national self-sufficiency and economic independence

The World Bank was created to overcome, supplement shortages in private capital to make loans to rebuilding war-torn nations.

The IMF’s mission is to promote international economic stability by making loans to countries with balance of payment problems.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a framework for free trade agreements between countries designed to expand trade by eliminating discriminatory barriers.

Most-favored nation provision, under GATT is any duty, tariff, privilege or favor granted to one signatory nation has to be granted to all.

National treatment provision, under GATT, requires equal treatment for imported and local goods within a domestic market.

The World Trade Organization (WTO), formally born in 1995. it is a formal organization with 153 members (nations and regional bodies such as the EU) that provides a framework for trade negotiations, but has been mostly unsuccessful in adding to the GATT legacy of trade liberalization – not a single new trade round has been concluded.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (U.S.A., Mexico and Canada)

The IMF's and World Bank's Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) ensure debt repayment by requiring countries to cut spending on education and health; eliminate basic food and transportation subsidies; devalue national currencies to make exports cheaper; privatize national assets; and freeze wages. Such belt-tightening measures increase poverty, reduce countries' ability to develop strong domestic economies and allow multinational corporations to exploit workers and the environment.

The Natural Environment and Climate Change

Global overshoot occurs when humanity’s annual demand for the goods and services that our land and seas can provide—fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption—exceeds what Earth’s ecosystems can renew in a year.

The Anthropocene is a new era in world history in which human activity has become the dominant influence on climate and the environment.  

Sustainable development: Nonpolluting economic growth that raises standards of living without depleting the net resources of the earth for others. Sustainable development requires that human society use natural resources at a rate that can be continued over an indefinite period.

Biosphere – Earth’s “life zone” where life can exist

Ecosystem – an animated, interactive realm of plants, animals and microorganisms inhabiting an area of the nonliving environment

Ecosystem Services: The numerous benefits derived by humans from natural ecosystems can be categorized into four Ecosystem Services”

⦁ Supporting – nutrient recycling, soil production

⦁ Provisioning – food, raw materials, water, medicinal resources, energy

⦁ Regulating – climate regulation, water and air purification, pest and disease control

⦁ Cultural – spiritual, recreational, historical, scientific and educational resource

Thus, Ecosystem Services are the basis of the material world; the very foundation of materialism and the platform from which all economic value is created.

Natural capital - The world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. These natural capital assets provide people with a wide range of free goods and services – Ecosystem Services - which underpin our economy and society and make human life possible at all.

Environmental Kuznets curve: An inverted U-shaped curve illustrating that as gross domestic product rises in emerging economies pollution goes through stages of rapid increase, leveling off, and decline.

As with the Kuznets Curve on Inequality, there is now substantial evidence that the EKC is wrong, at least with respect to greenhouse gas emissions.

Greenhouse gases: Atmospheric gases that absorb energy radiated from the earth, preventing it from being released into space

The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, largely from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), and other greenhouse gases are driving a rise in global temperature and causing changes to our climate system

CO2 concentration is measured in PPM – parts-per-million. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 parts per million to over 400 parts per million

Climate Change: A long-term change in the Earth’s overall temperature with massive and permanent ramifications.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body of scientists who report updates on Climate Change to world leaders.

Among the Climate Change Effects:

⦁ As temperatures rise, glaciers and ice sheets melt, causing sea levels to warm and rise, causing more melting, and on, and on, and on….

⦁ Water on land is depleted and more greenhouse gases are released, which unlocks methane, thus causing more evaporation of water, and on, and on….

⦁ Extreme weather events, such as crop-withering heat waves, droughts, and powerful storms become more frequent and more intense.

⦁ Greenhouses gases will remain in the atmosphere for many years making impossible to eliminate global warming for decades.

⦁ For every 1°C rise in temperature above the optimum during the growing season, yields of wheat, rice, and corn drop 10 percent.

Paris Agreement: Commitment to keep post-Industrial Revolution global temperature rise to within 2 degrees C, and to try to cap it at 1.5 degrees C.

⦁ Requires steep reductions in fossil fuel use and emissions.

⦁ No real enforcement, no fines or economic sanctions.

⦁ Goes into effect if 55 countries accounting for 55% of global CO2 ratify it.

⦁ U.S. and China combined account for 40% of global CO2 emissions.

⦁ President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement.

Climate Change as Market Failure: "The problem of climate change involves a fundamental failure of markets: those who damage others by emitting greenhouse gases generally do not pay," Nicholas Stern, former chief economist at the World Bank.

Locke’s Proviso, “at least where there is enough, and as good, left in common for others.” The phrase at the end of John Locke’s paragraph in Second Treatise of Government that some scholars point to as evidence that Locke conditioned the right of private property on the maintenance of a sustainable earth.

Laudato Si, On Care for Our Common Home, also referred to as Pope Francis’ Encyclical on Climate Change: Released in May 2015, the Pope criticizes consumerism, over-development, and inequality between rich and poor nations. Acknowledges global warming as being human-caused, and calls all people of the world to take "swift and unified global action". The Pope attributes the climate crisis to economic and moral failures.

His theory proposed the mechanical process to explain how evolution took place by the principle of natural selection

simply adaptation

Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939)

society and intellectualism

based much of his theories on human sexuality

Founder of psychonalysis-study of treating mental disorders

by analyzing the conscious and subconscious mind interact through the analysis of dreams and the process of free-association

Id-innate instinct and impulses ( sometimes maybe socially unacceptable)

Nitzche ( 1844-1900)    

Social, political religious intellectual

Radical thinker

Freidich Nietzsche parable of the madam from the gay science ( 1883)

God is dead. God remains dead I and we have killed him. How shall we, murders of all murderers, console ourselves? That which was the holiest and mightiest of all the world has yet possessed has bled to death under our knives. Who will wipe the blood off us ? With what water could purify ourselves? What festivals of atonment, what sacred games shall we need to invent?  Is not the greatness of his dead too great for us? Must we to ourselves become gods simply to be worthy of it?

The challenge of secular world

Nietzsche was an atheist for his adult life and didn't mean that there was a god who had actually died, rather that our idea of one had

After the enlightenment, the idea of a universe that was governed by physical laws not by divine providence was now reality

Philosophy

the challenge of a secular world-"God is dead"

Nietzsche thought this would only be a good thing for some people saying"...At hearing the news that 'the old god is dead', we philosophers and 'free spirits' feel illuminated by a new dawn

Populists

Populist movement: a political reform movement that arose among farmers in the late 1800's populists blamed social problems on industry and sought radical reforms such as government ownership of railroads

The populists

Advocte government ownership of railroad, telegraph, and telephone companies and banks

Demanded direct election of US senators

Social Darwinism

A philosophy of the late 1800's and Early 1900's that used evolution to explain the dynamics of human society and institutions

the ideas of "survival of fittest " in the social realm implied the rich people and dominant companies were morally superior

Social existence is a competitive struggle among individuals sessions different natural capacities and traits

Those with better traits succeed, becoming wealthy and powerful

those lacking in discipline or intelligence sink into poverty  

Government must not interfere

Historical significance: sumners philosophy became the dominant economic philosophy of the nation until great depression forced Americans to reconsider lasses fair ideology

Utilitarianism

what part of the group will be more happy if a higher percentage of people are happy then do it

Kantian ethics

Adam Smith

We need to develop the skill of being moral through our life

The utilitarian character

A prince should earnestly endeavor to gain the reputation of kindness, clemency, piety, justice, and fidelity to his engagements. He ought to posses all these goods qualities but still retain such power over himself as to display their opposites whenever it may be expedient...He should make it a rule, above all things, never to utter anything which does not breathe of kindness, justice, good faith, and piety; this last quality it is most important for him to appear to pose as men in general judge more for appearances than from reality. All men have eyes but few have the gift of penetration. Everyone sees your exterior, but few can discern what you have in your heart

Consequentalism- do something good or something bad will happen to you

relativism

Socrates/ Plato/ Aristotle - virtue ethics- Aquinas- Adam Smith  

Deity/Christian

Essence- destination/ good/heaven

Joseph Campbell- the power of myth

Kolbergs theory

Obedience/ Punishment

Infancy

No difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment

self-interest

pre-school

Interest shifts to rewards rather than punishment-effort is made to secure great benefit for oneself

conformity and interpersonal accord

school age

The "good boy/girl" level. Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relations with others

Authority and social order

School age

Orientation toward fixed rules. The purpose of morality is maintaining the social order.

Interpersonal accords expanded to include the entire society

Social contract

Teens

Mutual benefit, reciprocity morally right and legally right are not always the same

Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone

Universal principles

Adulthood

morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefits

The meaning of ethics

Ethics is a conception of right and wrong conduct. It tells us whether our behavior is moral or immoral and deals with fundamental human relationships- how we think and behave toward others and how we want the, to think and behave towards us.Ethical principles are guides to moral behavior. For example, in most societies, lying, stealing, deceiving, and harming are considered to be unethical and immoral. Honesty, keeping promises, helping others, and respecting the rights of others are considered to be ethically and morally desire behavior. Such basic rules of behavior are essential for the preservation of organized life everywhere. These notions of right and wrong come from many sources. Religious beliefs are a majors ours of ethical guide for many. The family institution- whether two parents, a single parent, or a large family with brothers and sisters, grandparents, aunts, cousins, and other kin-imparts a sense of right and wrong to children as they grow up. Schools, and schoolteachers, neighbors, and neighborhoods, friends admired role models, ethnic groups, and neighborhoods, friends, admired role models, ethnic groups, and the ever-present electronic media and the Internet influences what we believe to be right and wrong in life. The totality of these learning experiences creates in each persona concept of ethics, morality and socially acceptable behavior. The core of ethical beliefs then acts as a moral compass that helpos guide a person when ethical puzzles arise

Core elements of ethical character:

most managers make decisions based on criteria in levels 3 and 4

senior leaders often demonstrate higher stages of moral reasoning than typical managers

company executives reasoning has wide implications both inside and outside the organization

ethics

ethical principles

ethical relativism

business ethics

laws

us corporate sentencing guidelines: make sure your company implement the 7 guidelines , ones as you can

ethical egoist: the rules don't apply to them

conflict of interest:you perceived self interest is different than the company

utilitarian reasoning

human rights

side#11 why should businesses be ethical those 5 reasons

4 ethical reasons problems occur

personal gain and self interest

competitive pressure on profits

conflicts of interest

cross cultural contradictions

14 things you didn't know about bacteria

at about 5 million trillion, trillion strong bacteria and their cousins, the archea, vastly

resistance through human error

like any other living organism, bacteria evolve, mutate and

wealth and power: business regulation, the role of business in politics, the politicization of big money, and the rise of crony capitalism

good people do not need laws to tell them

government regulation of business

public policy: a plan of action undertaken by government officials to achieve some broad purpose affecting a substantial segment of a nations citizen

economic policies   

fiscal policies: patterns of government collecting and spending funds to stimulate or support the economy

monetary policy: policies that affect the supply, demand, and value of a nations currency

Taxation policy: raising or lowering taxes on business or individuals

industrial policy: directing economic resources toward the develop, EMT of specific industries

Trade policy: encouraging or discouraging trade with or other countries

social policies: policies that concern social services or objectives such as health care and education

regulation: government activity that guide the behavior of citizens, groups, and corporation torch economic or social goals

two circumstances justify regulation of the private sector: the market-when market flaws in the market that lead to undesirable consequences

to society- when sufficient social or political reasons for regulation exist

flaws in the market

natural monopoly

destructive competition

externalities

inadequate information

social and political reasons and regulations

socially desirable goods and services

socially desirable production methods

resolution of national and global problems

regulation to benefit special interest

He regulations are made

all federal regulation originates in an act of congress

when a bill is passed by both houses

regulatory agencies promulgate rules that have the force law

rule:a decree issued by an agency to implementation a law passed by congress

rules are created in a complex, formal rule making process that is designed to protect the public from arbitrary and capricious acts of government

when an agency decides to promulgate a rule it god through research, deliberation, and consultation with affected parties

when a draft is ready, the agency publishes it as a proposed rule in the

Federal regiser- a daily government publication containing proposed rules, final rules, notices of public meetings by regulatory agencies, and presidential executive orders

when a draft is ready, the agency publishes it as a proposed rule in the

federal registar- a daily government publication containing proposed rules, final rules, notices of public meetings by regulatory agencies, and presidential executive orders

pages n the federal registrar are

a rule is a subpart of a regulation every regulation includes at least 1 rule

disclosure requirement: politicians have to disclose where you got the money and what for

dark money

federal register: a daily government publication proposed rules, final rules, notices of public meetings by regulatory agencies, and presidential executive orders

trade association: a association that represents companies within the same trade

sommisions are independent

agencies are headed by a CEO I.E. a Secretary

3 types of lobbying

contact, background, grassroots

disclosure act: who people give money to and how much

our free market system

multinational corporations, globalization and the neoliberal world order

globalization: a cultural-political-economic perspective

definition: the spread of economic, political, cultural, military, scientific or environmental interdependence across political and geographic( nation-states) boundaries

greater mobility of people, capital and ideas and information, and growing interdependence

notice the role of big money is a natural result of neoliberalism

what can government do for us?

the answer is it can buy you a government

if you hire the right lobbyist and make the right contributions you can buy a politician

multinational corporation: an entity headquartered in one country that does business in one or more foreign countries

many macs progress through the following stages

export sales to foreign countries

establish foreign sles officials

license franchise, brands, the use of patents, or technology to foreign firms that make or sell MNC's products

Buy or create facilities in another country for producing in local markets

practice global production in which a value chains pans two or more countries

foreign direct investment

foreign direct investment: funds invested by parent MNC for starting, acquiring or expanding an affiliate in a foreign nation

portfolio investment: the limited, speculative purchase of stocks and bonds in a foreign company

political drivers and other characteristics

the mainspring of globalization trade

increase trade, capital flows and FDI across state borders

Growing numbers of MNC's multinational or transnational corporations

the total value of merchandise exports rose from $58 million in 1950 to a high of $23 trillion in 2013

increased interdependence of state economies on one another, such that an economic/financial crisis in one country can spread to another

Free trade: the flow of goods and services across borders unhindered by government missed restriction such as taxes, tariffs, quotas and rules. An economic philosophy based on the Law of Competitive Advantage

it is argued that free trade will stimulate competition, reward individual initiative, increase productivity, and improve

protectionism: the use of trade barriers to shield domestic industries from foreign competitors

If exits on the trade histories of all nations for four basic reasons

Barriers help to lower unhealthy trade deficits

some government us an industrial policy to promote the growth of technologies, companies, or industry sectors

Foreign countries sometimes use unfair trade tactics

Tarrifs are important sources of revenue for some governments

the rise of free trade

reduced trade barriers in Europe, the inventions of the steam engine and cotton gin, the end of the civil war, the production of oil and Laissez faire culture in the U.S. ( the era of Rockefeller)

the greatest run of free trade ended with world war 1, which inflamed global markets with national conflicts

1930 - an isolationist congress passed the smoot-hawley tarrif act

tariff- a tax or duty charged by government on goods moved across a border

in the downward spiral of tariff relations between countries and bitter national rivalries some governments moved if the directions of autarky

autarky: a policy of national self-sufficient and economic independence

before 1800

globalization

Neo liberalism was percived because of hard left threat communism

In the 80's neoliberalism became globalized because of the world bank IMF

We need to give countries an economic interest to not go war with each other

world banks original purpose was to help those countries who were devastated by world war 2

It shifted to developing nations in the 1950's by building infrastructure (i.e. ports, roads etc.)

The Anthropocene and climate change

ppm-parts per million: how much carbon dioxide is in the air per million people

capacity overshoot

global overshoot occurs when humanities annual demand for the goods and services that out land and seas can provide-- fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption--exceeds what Earths ecosystems can renew on a year

the Anthropocene and climate change

ppm- parts per million: how much carbon dioxide is in the air per million people

capacity overshoot

global overshoot occurs when humanities annual demand for the good and services that our land and seas can provide -- fruits and vegetables, meats, fish, wood, cotton for clothing and carbon dioxide absorption - exceeds what Earths ecosystems can renew on a year

the value of the natural world

ecosystem services: the numerous benefits derived by humans from natural ecosystems

supporting

provisioning

regulating

cultural

thus, ecosystem services are the basis of the material world; the very foundation of materialism and the platform from which all economic values is created

natural capital- the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. These natural capital assets provide people with a wide range of free goods and services- ecosystem services- which underpin out economy and society and make

Industrial activity and the environment

near the end of the 20th century there was

the environment Kuznets curve

greenhouse gasses and the warming of the planet

greenhouse gasses : atmospheric gasses that absorb energy radiation from the earth preventing it from being released into space since the start of the industrial revolution atmospheric CO2

climate change

defenition: a long-term change in the earths overall temperature with massive permanent ramifications

global average has increased 1.2-1.4C

Paris agreement each country will do their part to not let the world go to 2C for the world